History Notes. Gosh.

Morgan Hunt
History 7.3 Notes
The Age of Jackson
Adams-“Virginian, ought to appear at the head of this business. I am obnoxious, suspected, and unpopular. + You can write better. July 4th 1826 Adams and Jefferson died, exactly 50 years after the delegates approved the declaration of Independence
Expanding Democracy Changes Politics
JA died, JQA in second year of single term as prez. TENSION BETWEEN ADAMS AND JACKSON- Andrew won popular vote but not enough electoral votes. H.O.Rep. decided outcome. Henry Clay had power to swing election. Disliked Jackson. Adams agreed with Clay’s system, Clay was then secretary of state. Jacksonians left Republ. Party to form Demo-Republ. Party. DEMOCRACY AND CITIZENSHIP most states eased voting rules, enlarging voting populat. 1824, 350,000 white males voted. 1828, over three times that number voted, their votes helped Jackson. (Battle of New Orleans, American casualties totaled 71, compared to Britain’s 2000)
Jackson’s New Presidential Style
Expansion of voting rights= speak to concerns of ordinary people. APEAL TO COMMON CITIZEN. Adams=elitist, himself a man of humble origin (actually a wealthy plantation owner). Won by landslide. “Old Hickory” lodging at Gadsby’s. Born in Carolinas, no college edu. Age 61 during election, Hermitage in Tennessee was a mansion. Bullet lodged near his heart. JACKSON SPOILS SYSTEM appointees to deferral jobs serve maximum of four year terms; other wise they’d become inefficient and corrupt. Spoils System- “to the victor belong the spoils of the enemy, incoming officials throw out former, and replace with own friends. Fired 10% of federal employees, “kitchen cabinet, supposedly slipped into white house through the kitchen.
REMOVAL OF NATIVE AMERICANS – Some favored displacement of Native Amer. Some wanted to convert. Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Creek, and Chickasaw, adopt euro culture, “5 civilized tribes” in Georgia N &S Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, & Tennessee. People wanted that land. Only solution move then farther west. “Not only liberal, but generous” 1840, 16000 Cherokee moved 800 miles. CHEROKEE FIGHT BACK “domestic dependent nation” Samuel Austin Worcester, mission arrested teaching Indians w/o license. Jackson ignored Supreme Court decisions they could not invade their lands. It would protect further removal from their lands. Cherokee leader John Ross still fought in state courts. Exchange land for 5million, however when 20,000 were still there, prez. Van Buren ordered removal. TRAIL OF TEARS- 800 mile trip partly by steamboat, railroad, but mostly by foot; many died. Government officials stole their money, ¼ died on the way, ended up on far inferior land to that which they had been forced to leave

Morgan Hunt
History 7.4 Notes
States Rights and the National Bank
Daniel Webster was an ardent nationalist; defend the federal government’s power to make laws that applied to all states in the union. Speech- Jan. 26 1830. Liberty and Union= inseparable. From New Hampshire. Lawyer & congressmen. Argued Gibbons v. Ogden. Skilled orator. Given life to law and politics.
John Calhoun elected House of Representatives in 1811. War Hawk. Supported slavery.Adams+Jck VP.
HAYNE AND WEBSTER DEBATE STATE’S RIGHTS-
Tariff Raises the State’s Rights Issues, congress in 1816 passed a tariff to protect baby U.S. industries. 1824 1828 increase. NULLIFCATION THEORY- VP John C Calhoun, 1828 tariff “Tariff of Abominations” considered a disgusting and loathsome tariff. North getting rich at the expense of the south. Decided each state had the right to nullify a federal law that it considered unconstitutional. Wrote down in “South Carolina Exposition” but didn’t sign it. If government didn’t allow nullification the state could pull out from the union. HAYNE AND WEBSTER DEBATE STATES RIGHTS- South Carolinians wore emblems made from palmetto leaves to show their support for nullification. Jackson “our union must be preserved.” Calhoun “The Union, next to our liberty, the most dear; may we all remember that it can only be preserved by respecting the rights of the States and distributing equally the benefit and burden of the Union.” Calhoun resigned in 1832.
SOUTH CAROLINA REBELS-1832 tariff law. SC responded by declaring them null, void, no law would leave union if officials tried to collect duties. Jackson=mad, said actions “treasonous”, threatened to hang Calhoun and federal troops into SC to enforce tariff. Persuaded congress pass Force Bill in 1833; federal government use army and navy against them if state authorities resisted. Henry Clay, great compromise, proposed a tariff bill that would gradually lower duties over a ten-year period. Reason civil war.
Jackson Attacks the National Bank 1832, Jackson vetoes bill to recharter the Bank. H.Clay and Webster introduce recharter (instead of in 1836) they thought he would lose support for veto. Federal tax revenues were deposited in the BUS rather than state or private banks. Second bank unfair to other banks. BUS stockholders earned interest; not tax payers. Plus, Nicholas Biddle (Bank Prez), extended loans to congressmen at much lower rates of interest than average citizens. Jackson told Martin Van Burden that BUS= Monster, corrupted statesmen, destroyed our republican institution. Pet banks held all government funs in state banks. Nick Biddle demands these loans back, and didn’t make any new loans. When charter expired, bank was just another bank, went out of business five years later. WHIG PARTY FORMS-. Jackson angered people, 1834, H.Clay, JQ Adams, Webster = new Whig party. American system, BUS, and roads and canals for exchange of goods between regions +nationally accepted. Currency.
King Andrew the First- One man w/courage makes a majority. Trample rights of people under his feet.
Van Buren Deals with Jackson’s Legacy
Democrats shoe VP MARTIN Van Buren. Jackson’s pet banks= wildcat banks. Doomed to fail when ppl attempted to redeem their currency for gold and silver. Specie was only gold and silver acceptable for payment for public land- august 15, 1836. May1827 NY banks no paper currency. Panic of 1837; banks closed, credit collapse, people out of work.
NOW AND THEN
“Tippecanoe and Tyler, too” helped William Henry Harrison win the White house. 2000 election spent 77% more on TV ads than in 1996. Five minutes a day to balance; only 7% of TV stations participated in 2000.
HARISSION AND TYLER. Portrayed Harrison as a man of the people and Van Buren as a pampered, privileged aristocrat (he was more of a common man, son of tavern owner,) Harrison was actually wealthy, 16 room mansion. After month of inauguration he died of pneumonia. John Tyler= VP, only there for southern votes, opposed the Whig Party.”Tyler as his Accidency”.
Morgan Hunt
History 8.1
Religion Sparks Reform
Charles Grandison Finney famous preacher. Converted at 29. Horseback. “Anxious bench”. Religious activisms- evangelism started in 1830’s. Second Great Awakening happened after 1790. Not predetermined salvation; seek salvation. REVIVALISM meeting to awake religious faith, 4-5days. Intense revivals western NY (burned over district cuz of religious fires) Rochester NY. Finney=father of modern revivalism”. 1800, 1 in 15 in belonged to a church, 1850, 1 in 6 belonged. Christian Coalition- 2 million members. AFRICAN AMERICAN CHURCH I the east, separate churches, Richard Allen’s Bethel African Church in Philly.1816= African Methodist Episcopal Church; held first black national convention sept. 1830. Notch of the White Mountains- Crawford Notch 1839. By Thomas Cole Hudson river school.
Transcendentalism and Reforms Ralph Waldo Emerson poem “Barrying”; New England writer- led group practicing transcendentalism (philosophical and literary movement that emphasized living a simple life and celebrated the truth found in nature and in personal emotion and imagination) optimism, freedom, self-reliance—>Henry David Thoreau cabin on Walden Pond near Concord, MA. Peacefully refuse to obey unjust laws- civil disobedience. Didn’t pay taxes that supported war and slavery= went to jail. UNITARIANISM reason and appeals William Ellery Channing said purpose of Christianity “the perfection of human nature, the elevation of men into nobler beings.” American Form Ideal Communities utopian communities; perfect place. New Harmony Indiana. Brook Farm, near Boston; by George Ripley “prepare a society of liberal, intelligent, and cultivated persons…would permit a more wholesome and simple life than amidst the pressure of our competitive institutions” fire destroyed main building at Brook, disbanded. Nathaniel Hawthorne spends six months @ brook- “unnatural and unsuitable” SHAKER COMMUNITIES, teachings of Ann Lee NY NE 1840s 6,000 members, 1999- only 7 left. No marriage or kids. Schools and Prisons Undergo Reform French Alexis de Tocqueville visited to study penitentiary system- prisoners physically punished or isolated for extended periods (severe control). Dorthea Dix persuaded 9 S. States to set up public hospitals for mentally ill. A hope for everyone. IMPROVING EDUCATION mid-1800’s educ.policy. MA and VT only states b4 C.War had attendance law. Few schooled after 10 yrs. Three years 42% elementary school age children in Pennsylvania. Attended public schools. Horace Mann= 1st secretary of the MA board of Edu. Established teacher training, curriculum, double money state spent on schools. Margaret Fuller= editors of transcendentalist journal, THE DIAL woman in the 19th century.
Morgan Hunt
History 8.2
Slavery and Abolition
James Forten born free, age 15 sea fight American independence, captured by British, held prisoner. Wealthy sailmaker.1820’s 100 antislavery societies for putting blacks back to Africa.1, 400 went back between 1820-30. Finny slavery=“national great sin” William Lloyd Garrison- emancipation “freeing of slaves, with no payment to slaveholders” FREE BLACKS David Walker, free black, advised fighting for freedom. 1850, 434,000 free blacks were day laborers, but some held jobs as artisans. FREDERICK DOUGLASS- born a slave could read and write. Became a ship caulker; owner kept earnings. Escaped to NY. The North Star.
Life Under Slavery 1810-130 1.2million slaves, to roughly 2 million. RURAL SLAVERY Solomon Northup- born free later enslaved. URBAN SLAVERY southern whites went into more farming; no one on the mills. Slaves filled the space on mills. City slave is almost free, compared to plantation slave. 1860- free slaves 6%, slaves owned in groups (10-99) 61%(1-9) 25% slaves (100<) 8% NAT TURNER’S REBELLION- born into slavery Southampton County, Virginia. Preacher. 80 followers killed almost 60 white inhabitants, eclipse of the sun, captured by state and federal troops. Killed as many 200 blacks- no connection with the uprising.
Slave Owners Defend Slavery Virginia governor John Floyd “gradually abolishing slavery in this State.” Lost by a 73 to 58 vote. Antebellum (pre-civil War). Gabriel Prosser plot to take over Richmond in 1800, Denmark Vesey had led a conspiracy to control Charleston in 1822. BACKLASH FROM REVOLTS pushed for slave codes –believed that education and privilege inspired revolts, so tighten control. Alabama forbade free and enslaved blacks from preaching the gospel unless “respectable” slaveholders were present. Some free blacks could not own guns, alcohol, assemble in public, testify in court, own property, read/write, or work independently. PROSLAVERY DEFENSES used bible to defend slavery. George Fitzhugh “northern mill owners fired sick old workers, southerners cared for a lifetime”. Gag rule- limiting or preventing a debate on an issue- deprived the right to have them heard. Repealed in 1844. 80% in Jamaica=slaves for Great Britain.
Morgan Hunt
History 8.3
Women and Reform Elizabeth Cady Stanton, at World’s antislavery convention, found Quaker abolitionist Lucretia Mott (Long Tongue) “hold a convention at home for the rights of women”. Women’s Roles in the Mid-1800’s cult of domesticity- women after marriage state to the home and family; housework and child care.1850, 1 in 5 white women had worked for wages for years before they were married. 1 in 10 single white women worked outside the home, half the pay men received same job. Women Mobilize for Reform Sarah & Angelina Grimke  “overthrow this horrible system of oppression and cruelty”. William L. Garrison supported women’s efforts. WORKING FOR TEMPERANCE movement- effort to prohibit drinking alcohol. Lyman Beecher minister of CT, lectured against liquor. By 1833, some 6000 local temperance societies dotted the country. EDUCATION FOR WOMEN Emma Willard opened nations 1st academically school for girls in Troy NY (Troy Female Seminary) 1837, Mary Lyon Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (Mount Holyoke College) S.Hadley MA. Quaker Prudence Crandil; school for girls, admitted and African-American girl- protest, admit ONLY African American students, aroused even more opposition, she left town. WOMEN AND HEALTH REFORM Elizabeth Blackwell, 1st women to graduate from medical college. Three sick women for every healthy one- Catherine Beecher. Amelia Bloomer designed bloomers. Women’s Rights Movement Emerges Lizzy Cady Stanton, Lucr.Mott – Seneca Falls Convention (NY town it was held in) agenda and detailed statement of grievances “Declaration of Sentiments”. Nearly 300 m&f gathered at the Wesleyan Methodist Church for the convention. Voting right remained controversial. SOJOURNER TRUTH (Isabella Baumfree or Wagener… Sojourner=travel) spoke of abolition at convention, hissed. NY abolished slavery in July 4, 1827.
Morgan Hunt
History 8.4
The Changing Workplace Cottage Industry system- manufactures provided the materials for goods to be produced at home- 1830’s factories replaced this system. artisans made furniture and tools- masters most experienced, assisted by journey men. Apprentices=young workers learning the craft. New machines allowed unskilled factory workers to make goods that skilled artisans once made. Lowell MA, mill workers= young, unmarried women, pay them less than men, lived in boarding houses owned by the factory. Workday grew worse, eventually more than 12 hours long, was hot, noisy and dirty. Workers became ill, with increased pace. Tripled number of spindles and looms, only hired 50% more workers to operate them. Cut wages led to 800 mill girls to go on strike. Lost. Another pay cut- another strike, twice as many women participants. Lost. Mostly immigrants. Irish immigrants came to escape the Great Potato Famine. 1 million Irish people starved, more than 1 million came to America. National Trader's Union; early national workers organization. MA Supreme court supported the right of workers to strike in Commonwealth v. Hunt. 1860, barely 5,000 workers were members of labor unions. However, 20,000 workers were in strikes. Nine tenths of work force in NE mills was women, four out of five of the women were not yet 30 years old. Elizabeth Gray = leader of Ladies Industrial Association in NY. COTTON PLANTATION FIELD SLAVES; pre-dawn until after dark, picking and bundling cotton, substandard food and shelter. MILL WORKERS; 12 hours, operating machines, children $1 week, older girls and women, $3 week, men, $6. Annual Cost of maintaining a field slave = $21.05